Correlation does not imply causation

Does lung cancer cause smoking?

Samuel Flender
Towards Data Science
5 min readAug 11, 2019

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Photo by Sajjad Zabihi on Unsplash

Smoking cigarettes, as we know today, causes lung cancer. However, that fact was not entirely clear in the 1950s, when the first studies showing a correlation between smoking and lung cancer were published. One of the skeptics was statistician R.A. Fisher, who reasoned that the causality could be the other way around:

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